In this experiment, the effect of garlic (GP) and tomato (TP) powders on performance, blood parameters, sex differentiation and hatchability of Ross-308 broiler breeders were examined and compared with In-Ovo injection of garlic or tomato hydroalcoholic extracts. In first experiment, 375 hens and 25 roosters (47 wk.) were randomly allocated to 5 treatments and 5 replicates, for 4 weeks. Treatments included: 1) basal diet (control), 2 and 3) basal diet+ 2 and 4 percent of GP, and 4 and 5) basal diet + 2 and 4 percent of TP, respectively. In second experiment, 200 hens and 20 roosters were randomly allocated to 2 treatments including 1) basal diet and 2) basal diet + 4% of TP (selected treatment of the Exp. 1) in 5 replications from 52-56 wk. During incubation period, experimental treatments included: 1) control group, 2) eggs from hens fed 4% TP, 3) In-Ovo injection of physiological serum and 4 and 5) In-Ovo injection of 0.1 and 0.3 ml of garlic and tomato hydroalcoholic extracts. The results of first experiment, adding garlic and tomato powders was not significant on egg qualitative traits and blood parameters (P>0.05). All In-Ovo injection treatments increased fertility percentage (P<0.05). The second experiment results showed that treatments had no significant effect on the percent of males and females (P>0.05). In general, addition of 4 percent tomato powder to broiler breeders in comparison to In-Ovo injection of hydroalcoholic extracts of garlic and tomato, did not increase male 1-d-old chicks’ percentage of hatched chicks.

The addition of the infinitive to the subject or object is one of the syntactic structures in which accuracy plays an important role in the correct understanding the meaning of the verses of the Holy Quran. Sometimes there is disagreement among the scholars who interpret the Holy Book of Quran in determining whether the infinitive is added to the subject or to the object. Translators have sometimes provided an inadequate translation. This article has tried to discover ways to resolve the difference in determining the qualificative role of genitive case and also to provide an expressive translation of this structure by using a descriptive-analytical-critical method and by examining a number of infinitives added to the subject or object in the Holy Quran. The solutions to resolve the dispute are as follows: Paying attention to how the sentences relate to each other, paying attention to the citation of the subject in the verse, paying attention to the reason for using rhetorical devices in the verse, paying attention to the interpretive context (the context of the discussed verse, the guiding purpose of the Surah), paying attention to the verses and narrations of the same subject of the verse and paying attention to the requirements of servant politeness. The use of these solutions in order to provide a correct and expressive translation of the infinitive structure added to the subject or the object is necessary: The use of verb in the translation of the infinitive, the use of an appropriate word for translation of the pronoun, the use of an appropriate word in addition to the accompanying added infinitive, the use of the explanations in parentheses, the avoidance of compression writing and the avoidance of literal translation.

به رغم اهمیت و جایگاه اهداف در هر نظام اقتصادی، ادبیات سامان یافته در تحقیقات اقتصاد اسلامی در این باره، ناسازگار و فاقد منطق علمی است. برخی محققان بین اهداف نظام اقتصادی اسلام و دیگر نظام ها هیچ گونه تفاوتی قایل نیستند، برخی دیگر، بسیاری از امور سیاسی و فرهنگی را در شمار اهداف نظام اقتصادی اسلام شمرده اند و بعضی ها نیز فقط رفاه را هدف این نظام می دانند. به هر روی می توان گفت نظام اقتصادی اسلام به لحاظ اهداف، در وضعیت ابهام قرار دارد. رفع این ابهام نیازمند اتخاذ روشی منطقی در تعیین اهداف است.در این نوشتار، ابتدا با تعیین جایگاه نظام اجتماعی، اقتصادی، یکی از زیرنظام های آن معرفی شده، روشن می شود که اهداف نظام اقتصادی با اهداف دیگر زیرنظام ها متمایز است و مبانی اعتقادی نظام اقتصادی در تعیین اهداف آن نقش تعیین کننده دارد. بر پایه مبانی اعتقادی اسلام، تمام افراد و کل نظام اقتصادی به هدایت تکوینی مستمر و تشریعی خداوند متعالی نیازمند هستند. خداوند، انسان را عاقل و متفکر آفریده و با ارسال رسولان و کتاب های آسمانی، نقطه مطلوب رفتارهای اقتصادی افراد، سیاست ها و تدبیرهای نظام اقتصادی اسلام را نشان داده است، پس در تعیین اهداف نظام اقتصادی می توانیم از عقل و نقل (آیات و روایات) بهره بریم.با مراجعه به آموزه های دینی (قرآن، سنت و عقل) سه رتبه اهداف برای نظام اقتصادی اسلام کشف می شود.رفاه عمومی به صورت هدف عالی نظام اقتصادی اسلام، عدالت، امنیت و رشد اقتصادی به صورت اهداف میانی، و اموری از قبیل ایجاد فرصت های شغلی، تثبیت سطح عمومی قیمت ها، تعادل در تراز پرداخت ها، و تخصیص بهینه منابع، اهداف مقدمی هستند.تحقق اهداف یک رتبه، مقدمه تحقق اهداف رتبه بالاتر است، به همین سبب اگر تزاحمی بین اهداف یک رتبه با هدف رتبه بالاتر پیش بیاید، هدف رتبه بالاتر مقدم است. در صورتی که تزاحمی بین اهداف یک رتبه اتفاق بیفتد، اهداف اهم بر اهداف مهم مقدم هستند.

Rational discussion guides, but does not compel individual decisions, and the best process of inquiry and decision should vary with a person’s GOALS and situation. Sir Karl Popper noted that after a result of observation or experiment has been obtained by independent researchers, scientists agree to reject as false theories that are contradicted by accepted facts. Popper, though, wrongly assumed this consensus also applies to acceptance for purposes of research. In reality researchers develop competing theories about which evidence is currently in conflict, and sometimes even refuting the theories in their current form. Further, Popper asserted that only negative arguments should be used in rational inquiry. In reality, productive inquiry involves also positive arguments, even in science. Positive considerations such as which basic theories are justified by the researcher’s preferred metaphysics, or what theories in applied science are justified by existing accepted basic theories, are also used productively

This study focuses on the investigation of intelligent form-finding and vibration analysis of a triangular polyhedral tensegrity that is enclosed within a sphere and subjected to external loads. The nonlinear dynamic equations of the system are derived using the Lagrangian approach and the finite element method. The proposed form-finding approach, which is based on a basic genetic algorithm, can determine regular or irregular tensegrity shapes without dimensional constraints. Stable tensegrity structures are generated from random configurations and based on defined constraints (nodes located on the sphere, parallelism, and area of upper and lower surfaces), and shape finding is performed using the fitness function of the genetic algorithm and multi-objective optimization GOALS. The genetic algorithm's efficacy in determining the shape of structures with unpredictable configurations is evaluated in two distinct scenarios: one involving a known connection matrix and the other involving fixed or random member positions (struts and cables). The shapes obtained from the algorithm suggested in this study are validated using the force density approach, and their vibration characteristics are examined. The findings of the comparative study demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology in determining the vibrational behavior of tensegrity structures through the utilization of intelligent shape seeking techniques.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its GOALS. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

One of the most frequent rules in various areas of demonstrative jurisprudence of Two Major Sects of Islam religion is a rule that is known among Shīʿa as “tolerance in the evidence of traditions” (Arabic: التسامح فی أدلّة السنن) and in Sunnī as “latitudinarianism in documents” (Arabic: التساهل فی أسانید). Believers in the general application of this rule have based it for reasons such as consensus (Arabic: إجماع), tradition famous through practice (Arabic: الشهرة العملیّة), and rational judgement (intellectual judgement) and a group of aḥādīth (Arabic: أحادیث, plural form for ḥadīth, literally “talk” or “discourse”) called “Akhbar-e- Man Balagh” (Arabic: أخبار من بلغ). The understanding of the aforementioned narrations and the extent of application of this rule has caused a conflict of opinions among scholars. The narrations containing the excellences of suras of the Holy Book of Quran is one of the fields of application of the rule of tolerance. The present research has explained the types of exposure to this group of narrations based on the rule of tolerance by using descriptive-exploratory method and using library sources and seeks to find a suitable approach about narrations of the excellences of suras (chapters) of the Holy Book of Quran. The interaction with these narrations is organized based on a special reading of the rule of tolerance in the selected approach, which is based on a rational interpretation of the contents of Man-Balagh (Arabic: من بلغ)’s narrations and is compatible with the indications of some verses and traditions. The use of weak narrations containing the excellences of suras (chapters) will be permissible based on this approach considering three conditions and without any certainty of attributing these narrations to Sharʿ (Islamic rules).

اسکندر مقدونی در سال 325 ق.م. در دهانه رود سند تصمیم به بازگشت به غرب را گرفت. در نقشه ترسیمی وی سپاه بزرگ مقدونی که اینک از ملیت های مختلف تشکیل شده بود، به فرماندهی خود وی از طریق سواحل گدروزیا (دریای عمان) سفر جنگی خود را آغاز نمود، در حالی که ناوگان دریایی او به سرکردگی نئارخوس در آبهای این دریا نیروی زمینی را حمایت می کرد. جغرافیانگاران یونانی در این عهد بلوچستان را به سه بخش به نامهای اوریتیایی، سواحل ماهی خواران و گدروزیا تقسیم کرده بودند.اسکندر هنگام عبور از مناطق سه گانه فوق با مسایل و پدیده هایی روبه رو گردید که تا پیش از این، برای وی و سپاه نیرومندش چندان شناخته شده نبود. در واقع، سختی این مسایل بیش از تمام سختیهایی بود که خود وی و لشکریانش از آغاز جنگ در کناره رود گرانیکوس تا خاتمه آن در دهانه رود ایندوس تجربه کرده بودند.اسکندر می دانست که سرزمین گدروزیا دارای طبیعتی خشن و فاقد منابع غذایی لازم برای تغذیه سپاه و تعلیف احشام است، با وجود این، وی از سر نخوت و غرور و برای نشان دادن قدرت مافوق بشری خود مصمم گردید تا از آن عبور نماید. با همه این اوصاف، آیا اسکندر توانست به اهداف جاه طلبانه و بلندپروازانه خود جامه عمل بپوشاند؟با توجه به این موضوع که بلوچستان فاقد یک نظام شهری متمرکز و پیشرفته بوده است، مورخان و جغرافیانگاران چگونه به این موضوع نگریسته اند؟ در این مقاله سعی شده است تا علاوه بر پاسخگویی شفاف به دو پرسش فوق، نسبت به مجموعه عملیات اسکندر و لشکریان او در خاک گدروزیا، چگونگی برخورد آنها با طبیعت و پدیده های جغرافیایی و از سوی دیگر، ترسیم جغرافیای تاریخی منطقه با استناد به نوشته های مورخان و جغرافیانگاران یونانی به روش توصیفی– تحلیلی اقدام شود.   

Critical rationalism faces difficulty in Karl Popper’s Socratic formulation: “I may be wrong, and you may be right, and by an effort, we may find the truth.” But the Socratic elenchus, using refutations, can only give us negative knowledge of general principles, which is not the wisdom we seek. Affirmatively, we can only find a collection of opinions to be coherent, which is one of many. Francis Bacon proposed an improved elenchus to find general truths. You must take up a limited topic to study, then cross-examine your evidence for and against its apparent nature. Experiments contrary to evidence and presumed knowledge are entered as self-contradictions in tables of opposition recorded in an “experimental and natural history.” Such an account highlights a challenging puzzle if the account is to be made coherent. With enough problematized evidence, a coherent reading, or a solution of the puzzle, will be unique. Being both coherent and unique, it will be the truth about that limited reality being investigated. Unlike the method of hypothesis (“Anticipating Nature”), deciphering a coherent model is “Interpreting Nature,” allowing us to find a general truth on a limited topic. Isaac Newton achieved great success using Robert Boyle’s mechanistic version of this method. Using the “experimental philosophy,” he discovered general principles of optics and astronomy.

How to profoundly change the beliefs of the polytheists during the age of revelation from the denial of the Prophet (pbuh) to the certainty of his Message and the acceptance of his full guardianship is a question worthy of attention. The order of verses about prophecy based on the order of revelation is the reason to lead a transformative process and a special Quranic method in institutionalizing the belief of prophecy in the lives of Arabs. In the first stage, the Holy Quran in the first Makkī (Arabic: المکّیّ, suras revealed in Mecca) chapters has prepared the community from the motivational side to accept the truth of the Prophet’s (pbuh) prophecy and briefly stating the key issues surrounding it. The Holy Book of Quran at the time of the emergence of oppositions and doubts (the second stage) destroyed the arguments of the polytheists and explained the prophecy and proved its authenticity from a cognitive perspective in the second stage by presenting clear arguments. and the Holy Book of Quran in the third stage after Madanī (Arabic: المدنیّ, suras revealed in Medina) period has undertaken measures in order to fulfill the GOALS of the Massage by explaining the true position of the Prophet (pbuh) to deepen and operationalize the Prophetic belief through explaining practical duties for the Prophet (pbuh) and behavior based on the acceptance of Walaya (Arabic: ولایة, meaning “guardianship” or “governance”).